Applied Science

Natural Science for Elementary School

2011-03-09T01:51:00.001-08:00

In science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the universe, which is understood as obeying rules or laws of natural origin.
The term natural science is also used to distinguish those fields that use a scientific method to study nature from the social sciences, which use a scientific method to study human behavior and society; from the formal sciences, such as mathematics and logic, which use a different (a priori) methodology and from the humanities.

Natural sciences are the basis for applied sciences. Together, the natural and applied sciences are distinguished from the social sciences on the one hand, and the humanities on the other. Though mathematics, statistics, and computer science are not considered natural sciences (mathematics traditionally considered among the liberal arts and statistics among the humanities, for instance), they provide many tools and frameworks used within the natural sciences.

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Alongside this traditional usage, the phrase natural sciences is also sometimes used more narrowly to refer to natural history. In this sense "natural sciences" may refer to the biology and perhaps also the earth sciences, as distinguished from the physical sciences, including astronomy, physics, and chemistry.
Within the natural sciences, the term hard science is sometimes used to describe those subfields which some people view as relying on experimental, quantifiable data or the scientific method and focus on accuracy and objectivity. These usually include physics, chemistry and biology. By contrast, soft science is often used to describe the scientific fields that are more reliant on qualitative research, including the social sciences.
In ancient and medieval times, the objective study of nature was known as natural philosophy. In late medieval and early modern times, a philosophical interpretation of nature was gradually replaced by a scientific approach using inductive methodology. The works of Ibn al-Haytham and Sir Francis Bacon popularized this approach, thereby helping to forge the scientific revolution.

Natural Science for Middle School

2011-03-09T01:51:00.000-08:00

Branches of natural science

Astronomy
This discipline is the science of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere. It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the formation and development of the universe.
Astronomy includes the examination, study and modeling of stars, planets, comets, galaxies and the cosmos. Most of the information used by astronomers is gathered by remote observation, although some laboratory reproduction of celestial phenomenon has been performed (such as the molecular chemistry of the interstellar medium).
While the origins of the study of celestial features and phenomenon can be traced back to antiquity, the scientific methodology of this field began to develop in the middle of the 17th century. A key factor was Galileo's introduction of the telescope to examine the night sky in more detail.
The mathematical treatment of astronomy began with Newton's development of celestial mechanics and the laws of gravitation, although it was triggered by earlier work of astronomers such as Kepler. By the 19th century, astronomy had developed into a formal science, with the introduction of instruments such as the spectroscope and photography, along with much-improved telescopes and the creation of professional observatories.
Biology
This field encompasses a set of disciplines that examines phenomena related to living organisms. The scale of study can range from sub-component biophysics up to complex ecologies. Biology is concerned with the characteristics, classification and behaviors of organisms, as well as how species were formed and their interactions with each other and the environment.
The biological fields of botany, zoology, and medicine date back to early periods of civilization, while microbiology was introduced in the 17th century with the invention of the microscope. However, it was not until the 19th century that biology became a unified science. Some key developments in biology were the discovery of genetics; Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection; the germ theory of disease and the application of the techniques of chemistry and physics at the level of the cell or organic molecule.
Modern biology is divided into subdisciplines by the type of organism and by the scale being studied. Molecular biology is the study of the fundamental chemistry of life, while cellular biology is the examination of the cell; the basic building block of all life. At a higher level, physiology looks at the internal structure of organism, while ecology looks at how various organisms interrelate.
Chemistry
Constituting the scientific study of matter at the atomic and molecular scale, chemistry deals primarily with collections of atoms, such as gases, molecules, crystals, and metals. The composition, statistical properties, transformations and reactions of these materials are studied. Chemistry also involves understanding the properties and interactions of individual atoms for use in larger-scale applications.
Most chemical processes can be studied directly in a laboratory, using a series of (often well-tested) techniques for manipulating materials, as well as an understanding of the underlying processes. Chemistry is often called "the central science" because of its role in connecting the other natural sciences.
Early experiments in chemistry had their roots in the system of Alchemy, a set of beliefs combining mysticism with physical experiments. The science of chemistry began to develop with the work of Robert Boyle, the discoverer of gas, and Antoine Lavoisier, who developed the theory of the Conservation of mass.
The discovery of the chemical elements and the concept of Atomic Theory began to systematize this science, and researchers developed a fundamental understanding of states of matter, ions, chemical bonds and chemical reactions. The success of this science led to a complementary chemical industry that now plays a significant role in the world economy.
Earth science
Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth, including geology, geophysics, hydrology, meteorology, physical geography, oceanography, and soil science.
Although mining and precious stones have been human interests throughout the history of civilization, the development of the related sciences of economic geology and mineralogy did not occur until the 18th century. The study of the earth, particularly palaeontology, blossomed in the 19th century. The growth of other disciplines, such as geophysics, in the 20th century led to the development of the theory of plate tectonics in the 1960s, which has had a similar effect on the Earth sciences as the theory of evolution had on biology. Earth sciences today are closely linked to climate research and the petroleum and mineral exploration industries.
Physics
Physics embodies the study of the fundamental constituents of the universe, the forces and interactions they exert on one another, and the results produced by these interactions. In general, physics is regarded as the fundamental science, because all other natural sciences use and obey the principles and laws set down by the field. Physics relies heavily on mathematics as the logical framework for formulation and quantification of principles. The study of the principles of the universe has a long history and largely derives from direct observation and experimentation. The formulation of theories about the governing laws of the universe has been central to the study of physics from very early on, with philosophy gradually yielding to systematic, quantitative experimental testing and observation as the source of verification. Key historical developments in physics include Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation and classical mechanics, an understanding of electricity and its relation to magnetism, Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, the development of thermodynamics, and the quantum mechanical model of atomic and subatomic physics The field of physics is extremely broad, and can include such diverse studies as quantum mechanics and theoretical physics, applied physics and optics. Modern physics is becoming increasingly specialized, where researchers tend to focus on a particular area rather than being "universalists" like Albert Einstein and Lev Landau, who worked in multiple areas.

Atmospheric science
Though sometimes considered in conjunction with the earth sciences, due to the independent development of its concepts, techniques and practices and also the fact of it having a wide range of sub disciplines under its wing, the atmospheric science is also considered a separate branch of natural science. This field studies the characteristics of different layers of the atmosphere from near ground level to the edge of the space. The timescale of study also varies from days to centuries. Sometimes the field also includes the study of climatic patterns on planets other than earth.

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Oceanography
The serious study of oceans began in the early to mid 1900s. As a field of natural science, it is relatively young but stand-alone programs offer specializations in the subject. Though some controversies remain as to the categorization of the field under earth sciences, interdisciplinary sciences or as a separate field in its own right, most modern workers in the field agree that it has matured to a state that it has its own paradigms and practices. As such a big family of related studies spanning every aspect of the oceans is now classified under this field.

Materials sciences
Originally developed through the field of metallurgy, the study of the properties of materials has now expanded into many materials other than metals. A current opinion is that this field deserves to be treated as a field in its own right now. It studies different kinds of materials like metals, metalloids, ceramics, artificial polymers, and many other kinds of materials.
Interdisciplinary studies
The distinctions between the natural science disciplines are not always sharp, and they share a number of cross-discipline fields. Physics plays a significant role in the other natural sciences, as represented by astrophysics, geophysics, chemical physics and biophysics. Likewise chemistry is represented by such fields as biochemistry, geochemistry and astrochemistry.
A particular example of a scientific discipline that draws upon multiple natural sciences is environmental science. This field studies the interactions of physical, chemical and biological components of the environment, with a particular regard to the effect of human activities and the impact on biodiversity and sustainability. This science also draws upon expertise from other fields such as economics, law and social sciences.
A comparable discipline is oceanography, as it draws upon a similar breadth of scientific disciplines. Oceanography is sub-categorized into more specialized cross-disciplines, such as physical oceanography and marine biology. As the marine ecosystem is very large and diverse, marine biology is further divided into many subfields, including specializations in particular species.
There are also a subset of cross-disciplinary fields which, by the nature of the problems that they address, have strong currents that run counter to specialization. Put another way: In some fields of integrative application, specialists in more than one field are a key part of most dialog. Such integrative fields, for example, include nanoscience, astrobiology, and complex system informatics.

Soal IPA UN SD 2009

2011-02-28T12:54:00.000-08:00

Fundamental physical laws state that all mass is made from energy. The differing forms of energy, such as mechanical, electrical, electromagnetic, kinetic, thermal or nuclear energy, are interchangeable and can be transformed between each other. At the same time, only a part of the primary energy can be transformed into so-called secondary energy. A large part of primary energy is lost or wasted as unusable energy, for example in the form of wasted heat, to the surrounding environment. It is possible to change secondary energy back into its original state but even this process is subject to transformation losses. Energy losses are even noticeable during the transport of energy and such losses are referred to as transport losses.

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During all transformation processes, we strive to maintain the energy losses associated with it to a minimum. The transformation from one form of energy into another is part of our daily lives. For example, a light bulb transforms the electrical energy passing through it into light radiation emitted into its surrounding environment. However, the basis of many kinds of energy transformation, such as with the partitioning of nuclei, can be much more complex physical or chemical processes.
All our economies are based on the use of primary and secondary energies. Without different forms of energy, no machinery could exist in industry, commerce, transportation, nor even in the home. Our modern world would simply not exist without energy.
Money reading is the ability of man to make predictions about future events and give interpretation of historical events in the life of man. Psychic reading is as old as humanity itself. The practice of horoscope reading started as a result of mans quest to give meaning to his life. The world in which man found himself is a mysterious one. Man uses psychic reading as a means to explain certain occurrence is his life like the untimely death of a loved one or some natural disaster that is beyond.
Astrology reading when put side by side with the natural seems to have the same objectives and similar methods. However science and psychic reading differ greatly in many aspects.
Science is the systematic study of the physical and natural world. Science restricts its activities on the physical realm and does not claim to operate on the metaphysical realm as psychic readers.
Horoscope reading has been criticized by critics largely because it does not follow the method of the natural science. Psychic reading lacks empirical verification. The compliance of psychic reading to the method of natural science makes some to raise objection to the practice of clairvoyant reading. No scientific explanation has been able to explain beyond reasonable doubt the authenticity of the practice of the psychic readers. They study of astrology reading by some scientists showed that psychic readers' claims are nothing but illusions and psychic reading is nothing but exploitative. What psychic readers are using is more or less a trial and error method. Some of the psychic readers use personality analysis to predict human behavior since the knowledge of personality analysis improves self awareness.

Soal IPA UN SMP 2009

2011-02-28T12:51:00.003-08:00

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Physics is the study of what composes the universe and how the forces interact with matter and each other.
Astronomy is the study of the formation and development of the universe, planets, comets, stars, galaxies, celestial mechanics, red shift, blue shift, and everything else that happens in space.
Biology is the study of living things. How to bodies work? Social science
Social sciences still use the same methodologies as natural sciences. Data is found and analyzed. The biggest difference for social sciences is, however, that social sciences deal with people.
Anthropology deals with how people interact with other people and how our cultures work.
Archaeology studies remnants of buried civilizations.
Economics is the study of money, the production of goods, and the distribution of those goods.
Human geography studies how humans are distributed on the earth and how we change and manage the earth.
Education can be a science too. People study which methods are best for learning.
History is the study of the past. Since history requires the written records and anything before then is prehistory, history is also the study of people-people of the past.
Linguistics is the study of human language. How did language develop? When do kids learn to speak? How do we learn multiple languages? How does language evolve over time?
Political science deals with politics. Politics concerns itself about how stuff is distributed among people. Psychology is the study of our brains. Sociology is the study of our societies and how people relate and interact with each other. How do humans behave in society?

Soal IPA UN SMP 2010

2011-02-28T12:51:00.002-08:00

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Science is a thought process combined with data. But, what is a natural science and what is a social science?
What is science?
Science, all science, the process of gaining knowledge through experimentation. Science is a methodology used to understand our world.
Natural sciences and social sciences are different only in what they study.
Natural sciences
Natural sciences are sometimes called the hard sciences. These are subjects such as chemistry, physics, astronomy, biology, earth science, atmospheric science, materials science, and oceanography.

Theory of IPA UN SMP

2011-02-20T08:23:00.001-08:00

Natural sciences are sometimes called the hard sciences. These are subjects such as chemistry, physics, astronomy, biology, earth science, atmospheric science, materials science, and oceanography.
These fields all study the world and how it works.
Chemistry is the study of matter. When you study chemistry, you learn about what makes up matter, atoms. You learn about atomic structure and how molecules form and bond. You learn how matter reacts and changes state.
Earth science is the study of planet Earth. This field studies soil, geology, minerals, rocks, precious stones, plate tectonics and volcanoes, among other topics.
Physics is the study of what composes the universe and how the forces interact with matter and each other.

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Astronomy is the study of the formation and development of the universe, planets, comets, stars, galaxies, celestial mechanics, red shift, blue shift, and everything else that happens in space.
Biology is the study of living things. How to bodies work? Social science
Social sciences still use the same methodologies as natural sciences. Data is found and analyzed. The biggest difference for social sciences is, however, that social sciences deal with people.
Anthropology deals with how people interact with other people and how our cultures work.
Archaeology studies remnants of buried civilizations.
Economics is the study of money, the production of goods, and the distribution of those goods.
Human geography studies how humans are distributed on the earth and how we change and manage the earth.
Education can be a science too. People study which methods are best for learning.
History is the study of the past. Since history requires the written records and anything before then is prehistory, history is also the study of people-people of the past.
Linguistics is the study of human language. How did language develop? When do kids learn to speak? How do we learn multiple languages? How does language evolve over time?
Political science deals with politics. Politics concerns itself about how stuff is distributed among people. Psychology is the study of our brains. Sociology is the study of our societies and how people relate and interact with each other. How do humans behave in society?
So, again, the natural sciences deal with the study of the universe and the earth. Social sciences deal with people.
Fundamental physical laws state that all mass is made from energy. The differing forms of energy, such as mechanical, electrical, electromagnetic, kinetic, thermal or nuclear energy, are interchangeable and can be transformed between each other. At the same time, only a part of the primary energy can be transformed into so-called secondary energy. A large part of primary energy is lost or wasted as unusable energy, for example in the form of wasted heat, to the surrounding environment. It is possible to change secondary energy back into its original state but even this process is subject to transformation losses. Energy losses are even noticeable during the transport of energy and such losses are referred to as transport losses.

Theory of IPA UN SD

2011-02-20T08:23:00.000-08:00

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Science is a thought process combined with data. But, what is a natural science and what is a social science?
What is science?
Science, all science, the process of gaining knowledge through experimentation. Science is a methodology used to understand our world.
Natural sciences and social sciences are different only in what they study.
Natural sciences
Natural sciences are sometimes called the hard sciences. These are subjects such as chemistry, physics, astronomy, biology, earth science, atmospheric science, materials science, and oceanography.

Online Social Science Degrees

2011-02-15T11:11:00.002-08:00

The study of Social Sciences can be a pretty interesting field, especially when you enjoy researching facts and keeping tabs on current events. And the Internet has become a hub of information for scientists and researchers, making it easier to obtain facts and opinions. If you find analyzing historical facts and their effects in the short-term and long-term composition of societies interesting, then you should enroll in a Social Science course.

Students can now earn undergraduate and graduate degrees in their chosen fields, and even go so far as to earn a doctorate title in any of the social sciences disciplines or a certificate on one of the short courses. Different academic institutions are expanding into the online degree programs to reach out to more students who must juggle work, family, and education and to provide students with the chance to pursue education without having to leave their respective states.
The field of Social Sciences has a wide scope of disciplines, and all of them are available in online degree programs offered by various universities and colleges. The fields include Criminal Justice Degrees; History Degrees; Law Degrees; Paralegal Degrees; Political Science Degrees; Public Administration Degrees; Public Policy and Administration (PPA) Degrees; Sociology Degrees; Social Work Degrees; and Interdisciplinary Degrees; among others.
Graduates of any Social Science degree program may establish careers in the government as policymakers and researchers or in corporations whose core competency is research of population demands and market behavior.

Drill of IPS Terpadu for SPMB Unsoed

2011-02-15T11:11:00.001-08:00

It's a fact: If you want to score with hot babes, you've gotta be the master of your domain. You have to master your social skills.
As Joseph Matthews, aka Thundercat, says, "The single biggest, most limiting belief guys have that keeps them from succeeding is the belief that LOOKS MATTER."
Much more important to women is how well you interact with others--men AND women alike. You can be the best-looking guy in the world, but if you can't muster anything to say to a group of people, or don't know how to hold their interest and make them WANT to get to know you, then you're not going to attract women.

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The good news is, if you do know how to socially interact with people, nothing can stop you from attracting the gorgeous, high-quality women you desire! Even if you're short, bald, fat, ugly, or all four, if you know HOW to make people laugh, HOW to captivate an audience's interest, and HOW to build and share connections and relationships with people...then you'll have no problem attracting gorgeous women!
With that said, let's look now at the Top 5 social skills for impressing and attracting women everywhere:

1. Cocky Comedy-specifically, busting someone's balls and teasing.
As I describe in great detail in my course, humor is one of the most powerful weapons around for building attraction. But the purpose of humor isn't to make people laugh; it's to show you have control and an ability to make people feel better in your presence. A guy who makes people laugh improves people's moods and makes them want him to hang around-a truly awesome power to hold.
As David DeAngelo says,
"If you want to be funny, get a joke book. If you want to learn how to make a woman feel attraction for you by the way you talk to her and communicate with her, then focus what you're going to learn on CREATING AND AMPLIFYING ATTRACTION."
This can be done in several ways, but the best are the funny ways that show that you are ABOVE her and don't NEED her. Generally this means being a bit of a jerk and breaking a girl's balls, especially in front of her friends.
One example is teasing a girl in front of her friends. A guy who has the balls to say, "Man, does this girl EVER shut up?" or "Is she always this annoying?" to a girl's group of friends, commands awesome power. He will quickly fit into the group, make them laugh, and come off as a very cool, attractive guy, all in one.
Why? Because doing something ballsy and somewhat rude makes people remember you. People are bored everyday: in the morning they wake up, have a boring breakfast, drive their monotonous commute to work, get bored at work, drive the same monotonous commute back home, eat their boring dinner, watch their boring television, hang out with the same boring people, go to bed, wake up, and do it all over again.
They're looking for something new...so it's YOUR job to break their state! Breaking a girl's balls-pointing out her ridiculous skirt, or some weird personality trait-takes people out of their element, makes them laugh, and creates an emotional connection to you. So if you can impress one girl in a group, you can impress them all! And that's the quickest way to the sexual intimacy and attraction you so desire.
For more detailed information on how to use these skills for social mastery-and high-powered, sexual attraction-check out

2. Story-Telling
Work on your story-telling as much as possible. A guy who can captivate an audience with awesome stories that draw listeners in impresses the HELL out of women and makes himself very attractive. It's a combination of power, intelligence, and social maneuvering, all in one: a very attractive combination.
But you don't have to have travelled around the world or scaled Mt. Everest to have an impressive story; what it all comes down to is how you present your story. That means your tonality, pitch, volume: all kinds of ways in which you talk. Great story-tellers take an otherwise boring tale and make it spell-binding.
For more great information on how to tell a compelling story, check out Renee Grant-Williams' excellent book, Voice Power.

3. Being the Center of People's Universe, aka Be a Leader
Girls don't want someone who kisses people's asses. They want a guy in control, a guy whose universe only revolves around one person: HIMSELF. An attractive guy doesn't need other people for happiness and validation; he only needs himself.
As David DeAngelo says,
"A woman wants a man who is strong enough to attract her, hold her in his orbit, and keep her there...but the thing that really keeps her 'attracted' (feeling attraction) is the tension that comes from not quite being 'all the way there.' "
That is, you have to be able to bring a group of people closer...but not too close. Keep a girl curious, keep her wanting more. This can be done through teasing and pushing her away-slap her wrist or make jokes about her in front of her friends. Tell her to stop following you: "Man, stop stalking me, you're weirding me out!"
Say you have to go check on your friends or go somewhere else.
For example, if you've told a great story that has everyone laughing, leave just when they're all cracking up. Show that your universe is so big that you have bigger things to do. This will give people-particularly your target-time to reflect on what a cool guy you are, and make them come chasing to hear more. They'll beg you to stay, but insist that you have to go. Attraction gold!

4. Vocal Celibacy
This is an excellent, oft-overlooked skill that attraction expert, Carlos Xuma, recommends.
Believe it or not, sometimes the best skill is actually just to shut up. That's right: a man who listens draws people in. Ever notice how women, and even men, flock to the guys who sympathize and listen to them?
Well, you don't have be a soft, Dr. Phil type to be a good listener. In fact, listening brings with it a large amount of POWER. By pausing for a few seconds after someone says something, making them wait for you to respond, you make them feel uneasy, expecting...and, in the case of women, more attracted to you. Because you show you have the upper hand. You have control.
As Xuma says,
"The next time a woman asks you a question, PAUSE for a little bit. Keep pushing the limit until you cannot answer the question at all. She'll try to make you feel uncomfortable, but if you can handle that it'll increase your confidence immeasurably."
More importantly, it will make HER more confident in you...she can't help but want to be drawn into your universe. What is the fifth social skill you need to attract women?
It will make not only your target attracted to you, but her whole group of friends, as well!
Well, I can't tell you about it there, but check out my "Author Bio" for your link to success. Peace.

Drill of IPS Terpadu for UM UPI

2011-02-15T11:11:00.000-08:00

Social Science is basically a study about human behavior and reactions in various environments. Humans are the social creatures who mix up with others and feel themselves secure and safe when they are in groups. They feel more comfortable in communities and communicating with others. Interacting with others makes them secure and easy while knowing others thoughts and reactions.

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There is one such branch in social science which is important and is called as body language. This is one of the most interesting and vital language to study. You can feel more confident and easy when you know the art of reading gestures. This is the language which reveals the hidden messages which cannot be communicated.
Many times it is difficult to speak out certain things, but a person close to you can understand it while just looking at your body language. Many times criminals are monitored by the experts in the field and identified whether they are telling a lie or truth.
Many times you might be trying to hide your emotions and feelings but your body language says it all about you. Your loved ones and close friends know from your body language about your stress and tension. Body language is a language that also makes it easy for you to communicate in the communities. More and more people are engaging in non verbal communications which can be only identified and recognized if you know some art of understanding the body language.
Understanding it is must to decode the unsaid non verbal communications, emotions and other thoughts. With the little art and tactics you can easily read the mind and body of the person when they are in front of you. You can read their mind even when they want to hide it and do not speak it verbally. You can sense the emotions that are hiding behind their body while their body speaks it all.

Drill of IPA Terpadu for UM UPI

2011-02-15T11:01:00.003-08:00

Aquaponics?
Fish effluent from traditional aquaculture systems is used to fertilize plants in a hydroponic system.
When the two practices are combined they work in a symbiotic relationship to create a natural growing system. The benefits of keeping fish in an aquaponic system include maximum efficiency of water. University trials showed that growing plants in an aquaponic system used 90% less water than soil grown crops, as the only water lost is through evaporation and transpiration. In traditional aquaculture water is discharged regularly often 10-20% of the total water every day, this water is often pumped into open streams where it pollutes and destroys waterways.

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Instead of discharging water, aquaponics recycles the water in a reticulating system. Water is pumped from the fish tank through grow beds where the water is cleaned by the plants and media before being returned to the fish tank providing the fish with freshly oxygenated clean water. Hydroponic gardening often relies on the addition of costly chemical nutrients using valuable time, energy and money.
By combining the processes we can easily grow vegetables, herbs and fruits simply by feeding the fish. In an aquaponic system the nutrients are supplied by the fish. They produce ammonia as they breathe and when they excrete waste, this ammonia is converted by beneficial bacteria into nutrients available to the plants. The solids are broken down and filtered in the media beds, effectively cleaning the water before returning it to the fish tank. The good bacteria occur naturally in soil, air and water. They colonise the media and a healthy population is an essential ingredient of any aquaponic system. By working with nature we encourage natural processes that can be monitored and recorded for lessons in schools about integrated science, biology, horticulture, health, society and the environment.
There are many different methods that can be adapted to an aquaponic system including flood and drain, floating rafts on deep water channels or using a nutrient film technique, a style that is very popular in hydroponic operations.
Aquaponics is not a new concept, but a century's old technique that has been practiced by elite societies around the world for thousands of years including the Chinese, Aztecs, Egyptians and Babylonians (Gardens of Babylon).
Aquaculture and hydroponics system for the concurrent production of fish and plant species, wherein a feed is added to meet the fish and plant species nutrient requirements, a method for maintaining dissolved mineral concentrations in the system at optimal levels, determining a nitrogen concentration in said feed that produces a substantially constant nitrogen concentration in the system, for each of a plurality of minerals in the system, determining a rate of decrease of the concentration of said mineral in the system when said nitrogen concentration is maintained substantially constant and supplement said feed with each of said plurality of minerals such that the concentration of the mineral is maintained substantially constant in the system.

Drill of IPA Terpadu for SPMB Unsoed

2011-02-15T11:01:00.002-08:00

A Michigan radio commercial announces that the "Greatest Show on Earth" happens every fall. I ask children to identify this show. You don't need a ticket. You can probably see part of the show from your bedroom window. There's no age limit. This show is enjoyed by people of all ages.
Reinforcing the concept of seasons is often found in the autumn months of early childhood classrooms.
Using a drawing program such as KidPix, children can show their understanding of seasons while improving their concentration, dexterity with the mouse and knowledge of drawing tools.

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We begin with the line tool to cut the screen into quadrants. Then with the alphabet stamper we put one season name into each quarter. With the "wacky paintbrush" bare branch trees can be added to each section. Finally, using the spray can in the "wacky paintbrush" tools we can add the proper leaves to each section. Lots of colors for the autumn trees. No leaves for winter. Bright green leaves for the new emerging leaves of spring along with some pink for all the flowering trees, and then full green for the summer.
I encourage writing the names of the seasons in a location where children can see them from their computer work stations.
With first graders, each season can be elaborated upon with the background, by adding some seasonal stamps and some common weather.
While this project can be difficult for kindergarten students at the very beginning of the year I often begin the week prior by just making a collection of fall trees all over the screen and spray painting them with the proper fall leaf colors. This helps the students be able to easily create the trees when having to segment them for each season.
After printing in color, I staple each paper to construction paper to emphasize how important our work on the computer has been. Regularly I hear from parents who hang the matted work on the refrigerator and around the house.

Drill of IPS Terpadu for UM Undip

2011-02-15T11:01:00.001-08:00

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Natural sciences
Natural sciences are sometimes called the hard sciences. These are subjects such as chemistry, physics, astronomy, biology, earth science, atmospheric science, materials science, and oceanography.
These fields all study the world and how it works.
Chemistry is the study of matter. When you study chemistry, you learn about what makes up matter, atoms. You learn about atomic structure and how molecules form and bond. You learn how matter reacts and changes state.
Earth science is the study of planet Earth. This field studies soil, geology, minerals, rocks, precious stones, plate tectonics and volcanoes, among other topics.
Astronomy is the study of the formation and development of the universe, planets, comets, stars, galaxies, celestial mechanics, red shift, blue shift, and everything else that happens in space.
Biology is the study of living things. How to bodies work? What's different between a plant and a monkey?
Social science
Social sciences still use the same methodologies as natural sciences. Data is found and analyzed. The biggest difference for social sciences is, however, that social sciences deal with people.
Anthropology deals with how people interact with other people and how our cultures work.
Archaeology studies remnants of buried civilizations.
Economics is the study of money, the production of goods, and the distribution of those goods.
Human geography studies how humans are distributed on the earth and how we change and manage the earth.
Education can be a science too. People study which methods are best for learning.
History is the study of the past. Since history requires the written records and anything before then is prehistory, history is also the study of people-people of the past.
Linguistics is the study of human language. How did language develop? When do kids learn to speak? How do we learn multiple languages? How does language evolve over time?
Political science deals with politics. Politics concerns itself about how stuff is distributed among people. Psychology is the study of our brains. Sociology is the study of our societies and how people relate and interact with each other. How do humans behave in society?
So, again, the natural sciences deal with the study of the universe and the earth. Social sciences deal with people.

Drill of IPA Terpadu for Simak UI

2011-02-15T11:01:00.000-08:00

Introduction
Integrating language skills with science instruction has become an alternative to traditional instruction. In the integrated approach, teachers held high expectations for their students and deliberately promote critical thinking skills which help them succeed in academic courses.

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The science process skills-including observing, predicting, communicating, classifying, and analyzing-are similar to language learning skills-seeking information, comparing, ordering, synthesizing, and evaluating (Short, 1991). These skills are important keys to integrating science instruction with language acquisition. Motivating and engaging students to speak, ask questions, learn new vocabulary, and write down their thoughts comes easily when they are curious, exploring and engaged in science or science inquiry. Integrating literacy activities within teaching of science helps clarify science concept and can make science and more meaningful and interesting to the student.
Research suggests that increased student participation and peer interaction enhances the students' language better that teacher-directed activities (Ruddell, 2004). For instance, teacher can use cooperative learning jigsaws where students become experts on topics through texts that they read or listen to, take notes on, and teach to peers. Using cooperative learning method gives integrated teachers an opportunity to encourage interdependency among group members, assisting students to work together in small groups so that all participate in sharing data and in developing group reports.
Instructional Strategy
Unfortunately, today many classroom teachers who teach either science or language do not think science and language are interdependent (Short, 1991). Language teachers do not address the language needs of the students within the framework of the subject matter's objectives. They may think teaching content subject matter is not essential. Similarly, the content teachers may not understand language issues, nor be prepared to use English as a Second Language (ELL) methods for which they might have little or no experience.
Students can improve language proficiency through science instruction as either the background or theme of lessons. For example, once a science topic has been discussed and students have shared their knowledge of it, pertinent vocabulary may be taught. Reading and writing activities and content-area instruction can be integrated in one lesson or unit, or the approach can form the basis for an entire curriculum. An instructor takes first an objective from a content area curriculum, such as science, and determines the kind of language students need in order to be able to accomplish that objective. As a teacher helps students develop the science process skills of inquiry, language process skills or language learning strategies are simultaneously being developed. Two fundamental characteristics of the learning process, transfer and language dependence, frame our understanding of critical issues in teaching and assessing English learners in the science classroom (Short, 2002).
The integrated approach focuses on the fostering of thinking skills and the student-centered method of the instruction. Integrated teachers utilize a variety of teaching methods such as inquiry-based learning, cooperative learning, brainstorming, cooperative learning, hands-on, interactive activity etc.
Instructional strategies that can be used in an integrated classroom include increased use of visuals, demonstrations, and graphic organizers; the development of thinking and study skills; and the use of pre-reading and pre-writing activities. By providing opportunities to use language in meaningful contexts, teachers can facilitate their students' transition into mainstream courses (Crandall and Peyton, 1993).
Integrated teachers need to pay attention to the science to be learned, the language skills required to learn it, and the reasoning abilities needed to be manipulated. When necessary, for example, they should provide explicit vocabulary instructions or model activities to the whole class before breaking into small groups. Teachers should encourage students to conduct independent research, but provide support students solicit assistance from each other. Through this approach, science teachers become sensitive to language problems that exist in their current textbooks, supplementary materials and teacher talk, and recognize other potential problem that their students may experience. The approach also helps language teachers as well, through a variety of methods used to introduce authentic and relevant science into classroom (Short, 2002).
Integrated lesson planning skills
Each integrated lesson should have a language and science component and the goal for the teacher should be to develop academic achievement and language proficiency simultaneously. To prepare clear science and language outcomes, teachers should draw on a variety of resources that include standards of knowledge and skills in a science area, language proficiency standards, prior student performance assessments, and available course materials. For example, a science teacher would prepare an integrated science and language lesson by first examining the science standards to determine the concept and skill to be learned, then selecting learning objectives, tasks, and materials appropriate to the students as determined by assessments of student performance.
To address the practice of integrating reading, writing, listening, and speaking, teachers must identify and work with students on two sets of discourse skills-one specific to a subject area, the other more generalized. Those that are generic include summary, comparison, and outlining.
For instance, in planning to teach motion, a teacher might construct the following possible outcome statements:
Students will be able to observe and calculate speed and acceleration of a moving object, discuss different methods of measuring the distance, and write a summary of each method. Calculate, discuss, and write are the descriptive verbs that determine whether a particular outcome addresses the knowledge and skill of a science area or specific language functions. Observing and calculating the speed and acceleration describe science outcomes, whereas discussing and writing about the methods used to compare types of distance measurement describe language outcomes related to the science. Integrated teachers should consciously attempt to sort the descriptive verbs used in standards documents and course materials into separately identified language and content outcomes.
According to Sherris (2008), the integrated lesson plans have at least two key benefits. First, the teachers clarify for themselves the separate content and language objectives of the lesson, which can improve their delivery of the instruction. Second, if these objectives are both explicitly presented and subsequently reviewed within each lesson, students become aware of the separate content and language goals, which may help them direct and monitor their own learning.
Students also develop the ability to carry out other content related tasks, such as lab experiments, creative scientific calculations, and historical inquiry. They solve problems, evaluate solutions, and collaborate effectively with one another in these activities through the use of appropriate academic language.
Integrated Lesson Plan
Lesson planning is critical to both a student's and a teacher's success. For maximum learning to occur, planning must produce lessons that enable students to make connections between their own knowledge and experiences, and the new information being taught (Rummelhart, 1995). In effective instruction, concrete content objectives that identify what students should know and be able to do must guide teaching and learning. For English learners, however, content objectives for each lesson need to be stated simply, orally and in writing, and they need to be tied to specific grade-level content standards (Echevarria and Graves, 2004). As with content objectives, language objectives should be stated clearly and simply, and students should be informed of them, both orally and in writing.
The integrated science lesson plan guidelines ( see attached table) describes the teaching phases in integrated lesson plans and the most effective science lessons for ELL are those have language and content objectives. As students gain both science process and English language skills, they will be able to examine independently scientific explanations and use logical reasoning to communicate. Higher-order thinking skills, such as articulating predictions or hypotheses, stating conclusions, summarizing information, and making comparisons, can be tied to language objectives.

Drill of IPS Terpadu for Simak UI

2011-02-15T10:59:00.000-08:00

Social science is a broad category that encompasses various occupations and areas that explores aspects of human society. It covers all aspects including the past events, the milestone achieved, human behavior, relationship among groups, and also the economic growth. It also offers an insight into the behavioral pattern, adaptability to different situations, and decision making abilities of different people and groups. Individuals who do all the study and research on the society and human behavior are known as social scientists.
In this huge field there are many rewarding occupations but some of the most popular choices are anthropologists, archaeologists, geographers, and historians.

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Anthropologists are individuals who do study and research on the origin, development, behavior, and attitude of humans. They examine and evaluate different characteristics and mood swings with respect to various different situations in life. These professionals are also responsible for examining customs, values, beliefs, and social patterns to introduce a general agenda referring to human life and human behavior. Anthropologists can further specialize in different areas like socio-cultural, linguistics, biological, and physical anthropology.
Archaeologists are professionals who examine, evaluate, and analyze the use of different tools and recover material evidence. They study the past human life and human activities from the remains and marks left behind. Today, archaeologists are working at research firms, government departments and many related organizations to open the hidden historical pages to the present generation.
Geographers are social scientist who study and examine the entire structure and form of land, inhabitants, and features. The physical aspects like land forms, climates, water, plats, vegetation, plants, animals, and soils are examined by these scientists to verify the physical condition of that specified region. They also examine and analyze the spatial implications of human activities and evaluate the relationship of geography to political phenomena.
Historians make use of newspaper, media, periodicals, interviews, photographs, and institutional records to interpret the past. These scientists are involved in different fields like social, economic, cultural, intellectual, political, or diplomatic depending upon need, desire, or requirement.

Latihan IPA UN SD Pack 5

2011-02-13T07:26:00.003-08:00

Advances in digital microscope technology over the last few years have resulted in great benefits for students. While there are many different types of digital microscopes, they fall into one of two main categories, those that connect to the TV and those that connect to the computer through a USB port. Instead of students being required to share microscopes and discuss their findings without any references, the digital microscopes allow the entire class to view specimens and discuss findings as a group.

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One type of digital microscope plugs into a data projector or television. This makes the process of teaching science to a classroom much more dynamic, easier and more cost effective. The presentation of specimens and discussion can be accomplished easily by placing the television in the front of the classroom where all students have a clear view of the screen. The educator places the specimen under the handheld microscope for view by the entire classroom.
The educator is able to use the television to point out details of the specimen, encourage participate by all students, and fulfill the objectives of the lesson plan using one microscope. There is no need for software or extra equipment to make the microscope a vital part of the educational process.
Students will be able to learn the steps for dissecting specimens properly without the normal trial and error that often accompanies this process. In addition, group discussion, questions, and answers always serve educators well when presenting new or unusual content to students. Teaching students about the cellular structure of animals and plants can be easily accomplished using the large, clear, and crisp picture provided by the television screen or data projector.
An added benefit of this type of system is that students with special needs, who may not normally be able to handle the small controls of a microscope or be able to navigate the intricacies of the scope, will be able to participate and learn easily with the rest of the class. This inclusion of all students in the science exploration process will expand and empower students with special needs to participate in learning more actively.
The scopes made for use with televisions or data projectors lack the functions and features of the scopes that integrate with a computer using a USB port. These systems are able to record still images, do time-lapse videos, and provide a continual flow of information to students relative to the specimen they are studying. An educator can easily develop a lesson plan that will include the splitting of a cell, or the growth process of fungi or bacteria and treat students to the wonderful excitement of watching nature in action.
Many teachers find that using the digital microscope in conjunction with desk microscopes allows for more flexibility in teaching techniques and methods. The interaction of students and educator when students know what they are looking at allows the educator to focus on the project and specimen at hand for the entire class instead of spending time at individual desks telling students the same information.
The benefits of using a digital microscope in elementary science classrooms are tremendous. The SmartScope by SmartSchool Systems is affordable and easy to use and opens doors for educators and students. Educators are able to create dynamic lesson plans that utilize the full applications of the microscope while the students benefit from the wonderful world that has been opened to them through this modern technology.

Latihan IPA UN SD Pack 4

2011-02-13T07:26:00.002-08:00

Let's start with the very basics of the study. All matter (for example rocks and minerals) is made up of particles called atoms. Certain atoms form elements and the universe is made up of just over 100 elements, which stand-alone or with other elements, form compounds. The earth is made up of 8 elements. The earth's interior is always changing because of heat and pressure. These changes in the earths crust cause rocks to form. This is a very well balanced system as the interior of the earth is under pressure and intensified heat; the outside elements also play a big factor in cooling the earth down.
Rocks are formed and identified in one of three categories. Those categories are called igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Let's look at the difference in the three.

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Igneous - These types of rocks are formed when molten rock (lets call it liquid rock or magma) from deep within the surface is forced out through an opening in the surface of the earth like a volcano. Once it hits the earth's cool air or water it immediately cools and hardens.
Sedimentary -These rocks are formed at the earth's surface when wind, water and the weather have a direct effect on them. Through erosion, pieces of sand, soils and little pieces of rocks settle together and form layers and then harden. Metamorphic -These types of rocks are formed when extreme pressure from the inside and outside of the earth causes the shifting and changes in the other two categories of rocks (igneous and sedimentary). Rocks and minerals are not the same thing though. They both have very specific properties. Looking at and studying those properties will help determine if what is being identified is either a rock or a mineral. Luster is a property to show how light is reflected on the surface and how it is perceived. Whether it is shiny or dull begin the identification and starts to point in the direction of "rock vs. mineral".
Hardness is another property that can show how much a rock or mineral resist from being scratched.
Cleavage is yet another property that shows how a mineral splits along a plane when it is hit at a part of its structure.
Finally a streak test can be administered which means that the rock or mineral is rubbed across a surface to identify the color of the streak.
From collecting, to understanding atoms, to forming compounds is just the beginning to understand the world as a whole and it's formation.

Latihan IPA UN SD Pack 3

2011-02-13T07:26:00.001-08:00

Children that partake in elementary science fair projects do not want to have a boring project. It is all about having a unique project that shows what they have learned and is seen by the judges as innovative. One also wants a project that is easy enough for an elementary child to do as often times parents get involved and end up doing the project for their children. If the project is easy enough for them to follow they will learn initiative and a sense of accomplishment once the project is completed. There are many ideas for youth that partake in science competitions.
One cool idea includes the traditional volcano with baking soda and vinegar. The way the volcano is designed and the ratio of baking soda to vinegar can always be modified to make it fun and exciting.

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Other ideas for elementary science fair projects include the science behind cooking. One idea includes gelatin with fruit in it and determining if it can be done with fruit from containers or fruit that is fresh. Does the acid or something in the fruit make the gelatin come out differently and then the child can discuss why.
Children can even do experiments where they let food rot to study what happens and what type of bacteria, mold, or fungus grows on the food. Make sure the elementary science fair projects are simple enough that a young child can do it and it is relevant to what the child is learning. The internet has a variety of ideas that a child can look through and decide what is the most exciting for their science fair. If you do not like what you are finding on the internet go to a local library or bookstore to find books that have ideas for science fair or let the child come up with their own idea for what would be cool at a science fair.

Latihan IPA UN SD Pack 2

2011-02-13T07:26:00.000-08:00

What is a great way to introduce young learners to biology in a way that will get them excited and motivated to continue learning? Consider teaching them about worms. That's right, worms. Worms science for elementary school is an excellent introduction to a wide variety of aspects of our natural world. Worms are already familiar to make elementary school children, and studying them can be an intuitive, fun, and engaging part of elementary learning. Take a look at these science ideas for introducing worm biology to your students.
Take a field trip with your students right after considerable rainfall. You are likely to spot more earthworms above ground than is usual. What factors affect whether the worms come out and in what numbers? Worms science for elementary school can introduce young learners to a crucial step of the scientific method.

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Virtual dissection programs are often available cheaply to instructors -- and you can even find them free online. Using these programs, science students from elementary school onward can study worm anatomy without ever needing to cut apart an actual worm. This is a cleaner, more efficient, and less expensive way to learn about how organisms work; it is also much more humane. Worms science for elementary school can delve into aspects of worm anatomy without taking more lives than absolutely necessary.
What different kinds of worms are out there? There are literally hundreds of species, and some of them differ radically from others. Perhaps you could get each of your students to do a project on a different worm species, focusing on what makes each kind of worm unique. You could even ask your students to build models of worms - displaying their anatomical structures or their interactions within a larger habitat.
An elementary school science fair project can be made fun and highly instructive when it involves worms science for elementary school.

Latihan IPA UN SD Pack 1

2011-02-13T07:25:00.000-08:00

One of the favorite things for some kids is Science Fair day. Kids, parents and teachers plan for weeks their projects and then let the anticipation grow until the big day! While some kids don't like science projects, it's mostly because they haven't found the right one. There are so many cool things you can do that count as science, and don't take too much time. Here's a few good ideas for each grade level just to get you started thinking about your own neat project!

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2nd Grade: Create an insect collection to discover what types of insects live in your area. Or, put up a bird feeder and document what birds live in your area, and what their eating habits are - morning or night? 3rd Grade: Test out waterproof mascaras, to see if they are really waterproof or not. You could also put nails in different types of liquid, to see which ones rust metal the fastest.
4th Grade: Find out the answers to these questions for your science projects - Does adding salt to water really make it boil faster and hotter? Do certain shapes of ice cubes melt faster?
5th Grade: Test if different people can smell things better. Drink water through a straw, and then through two straws; figure out if you can drink more water this way, or the same as through one straw.
6th Grade through 8th Grade: Try figuring out if you can get pure water from salt water! Or try growing plants using different colors of light, and see which ones grow the best.
Doing science projects can be a lot of fun, and can teach you things you never knew before! Make a list out of the things you are curious about, and then pick one for your science project. Try to guess what will happen before you do the project, and see if you are right about what will happen.

Drill of IPA UN Exam SMP Pack 6

2011-02-13T06:59:00.004-08:00

Quite a few mothers and fathers have encountered a typical trend in kids when it comes to science. Young children are usually seen to be unwilling in learning Science. They think it is very uninteresting and tedious, to understand numerous facts and elements about different factors of their science guide. Parents have developed a number of good techniques through which they intend to make science exciting for his or her kids. Nowadays, there are many science games which you can purchase it online or offline. Games like crosswords, puzzles and, fill in the blanks, also - so kids can select any kind of choice of enjoying these games. Regardless how the children decide on playing these science games, they are in the position to discover their science lessons effectively. These types of games have been developed bearing in mind various age ranges of kids.

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Science video tutorials for children are another very effective solution to help kid learning in Science. These types of video tutorials possess fantastic sound quality and pictures and with their interactive mode of connection, studying with these video tutorials is definitely fun. Video tutorials can be found on most topics. You can choose to purchase particular topic to begin.
Finally, experiment is my favorite method to use to help kid learning science with the kids. You can arrange small science experiments at home.Think about what you liked working on in science as a kid. Most probably, you can remember the interesting experiments that your science instructor allowed you to do! To obtain your kids enthusiastic in the science course invest some time performing a few basic experiments which will make them laughing and having fun.

Drill of IPA UN Exam SMP Pack 5

2011-02-13T06:59:00.003-08:00

Thanks to the physical laws of electronics, circuit analysis is very procedural. This is the second entry in a tutorial in basic electronics. The first entry covered basic electronic concepts such as voltage, current, and power. This session will cover Ohm's Law, and Kirchhoff's Laws of voltage and current. These are the fundamental laws needed for circuit analysis and design.
Resistors and Ohm's Law
Georg Simon Ohm was a German physicist that in 1826 experimentally determined most basic laws that relate to voltage and current for a resistor.
Ohm's law basically states that the resistance of a component (commonly a resistor) is equal to the voltage dropped over the resistor divided by the current going through it.

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This law makes it relatively easy to find one of three values: voltage across a resistance, the resistance value itself, or the current flowing through the resistance (as long as the other two values are known).
Nodes, Branches, and Loops
These three concepts must be understood for basic circuit analysis. They help determine if components are in series or parallel and if the components share the same current or have the same voltage drops.
A branch represents a single circuit component such as a resistor or voltage source.
A node is a point where two or more branches connect.
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
Elements are in series if they exclusively share a single node. Elements that are in series share the same current.
Elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two nodes. Elements in parallel have the same voltage across them.
Kirchhoff's Laws
The first of Kirchhoff's Laws is Kirchhoff's current law (KCL). This law states that the sum of all current entering a node or enclosed area of a circuit is equal to zero. Simply put, current entering a node or area equals the current leaving the node or area.
The second of Kirchhoff's Laws is Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL). This law states that the sum of all voltages around a closed path or loop is equal to zero. Simply put, the sum of voltage drops equals the sum of voltage rises.
This is found by following the loop in one direction (the direction does not matter). If the positive terminal is hit first, the voltage is added. If the negative terminal is hit first, the voltage is subtracted. Since we hit a negative terminal first, we subtract it. Now we simply finish the loop and add the voltages together.
This law comes in very handy for analysis.
Basic DC Analysis
By combining Kirchhoff's voltage and current laws, basic DC circuits are relatively easy to analyze. Knowing that all voltages in a loop add up to zero and all currents entering a node, minus currents leaving a node also equals zero, most current and voltage values can be easily obtained.
If a loop contains one voltage source and multiple resistances, voltage division (eq. 1) should be used to find the value of voltage drops across the known resistances. Once the voltage across the known resistance is found, Ohm's law (eq. 2) can be used to determine the current flowing through the resistance.
Eq.1 Voltage Division:
((voltage source in volts) (resistor of interest in ohms))/(sum of resistance in loop)
Eq.2 Ohm's Law:
(voltage across a resistance) = (known resistance)(current flowing through resistance)
Keep in mind that resistors in series can be added to give total resistance between two nodes. Eq. 3 Equivalent Resistance (Req) of Resistors in parallel:
Req = ((resistance in branch 1)(resistance in branch 2)) / (sum of resistances in both branches)
The purpose of this article is to give a basic understanding of the laws and concepts of basic electronics.
Other concepts that make DC circuit analysis easier are current division, mesh analysis, and nodal analysis. These techniques use the rules behind KVL, KCL, and Ohm's Law but would require a visual example for thorough explanation.
I hope that this short tutorial has been helpful to anyone who is new to the world of electronics either as a hobbyist or as a technician trying to learn electronics repair.

Drill of IPA UN Exam SMP Pack 4

2011-02-13T06:59:00.002-08:00

The common sense natural nutrition advice of our great-grandmothers and generations of tradition has been replaced by modern nutritional science. We now look to outside "experts" - diet books, journalists, the media, scientists, nutritionists - to tell us what to eat. Are eggs a bad source of cholesterol or a good source of protein? Is butter a "good" fat or a "bad" fat? Is pasta a good source of carbohydrates or is it too refined? What is its glycemic index?

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We no longer think and speak in terms of food, such as bread, vegetables, and meat, but rather in nutritional components - carbohydrates, proteins, essential fatty acids, omega 3s, and phytonutrients. What was once a simple natural process, eating, has become a complicated challenge.
The truth is that eating is simple when you return to a natural way of eating. Natural nutrition advice could not be simpler. All you have to do is eat a wide variety of real foods, especially fruits and vegetables, in moderation. Humans ate this way for thousands of years and it worked for them. They thrived on a wide variety of traditional diets depending on what was local and available - some diets were high in protein, some were high in fat, and others were high in carbohydrates. All of the diets worked because they consisted of real whole foods.
As omnivores, we are designed to be able to eat a wide variety of foods. There is no one way to eat, no perfect diet, as long as that diet consists of real food. You may feel good when you eat red meat, but your neighbor may feel better eating rice and beans. The best natural nutrition advice comes from your body, from its symptoms and energy levels.
In parts of the world where people continue to eat traditional diets chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, obesity and heart disease are much less prevalent.
However, there is one diet that is making lots of people sick. It is causing high rates of obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. That is the standard modern American diet. The problem with this modern diet is that most of us are eating way too much highly processed refined food and very little real food, especially fruits and vegetables. No amount of modern nutritional science can change this simple natural nutritional truth.

Drill of IPA UN Exam SMP Pack 3

2011-02-13T06:59:00.001-08:00

Does the honking of a v-line of geese over a frozen lake put wings on your soul? Does a brilliant sunrise or the sight of the Space Shuttle leaving its earth-pad inspire your heart with hope and energize your spirit? Then a visit through the natural sciences is a hobby you might enjoy and one which may enrich you and help build your understanding of Nature in your life.

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The Natural Sciences deal with matter, energy and measurable phenomena in the natural world, unlike the applied sciences such as Engineering or Architecture, or the formal studies that include mathematics and Computer Science. In ancient times, Plato and his followers studied Nature and labeled it natural philosophy.
As modern times approached, scholars renamed the the field natural science, applying inductive reasoning which is the scientific method that prevails today. Though there is some discussion and difference of opinion as to the exact boundary of the natural sciences from the more formal or social sciences, generally speaking they include the following areas:
-Earth Sciences
-Chemistry
-Astronomy and Space science
-Physics
-Environmental Science
Each of these fields of study contains subcategories, for instance Earth Science including Geology, Meteorology and Oceanography. But the bottom line is, if it is natural, dealing with the Nature of our universe, the Natural Sciences have it covered.
Whether you enjoy a good tale about Tyrannosaurus Rex, or look in awe at the strange tube worms that feed off the boiling, poisonous volcanic vents of the Galapagos Islands or just enjoy growing your own garden, Nature is open for examination, learning and understanding withing the study of the Natural Sciences.
Books, magazines and other media are as close as your library or your favorite book store. The journal Nature, National Geographic magazines and The University of California Press are interesting, respectable sources for Nature information.
Embrace Nature; breathe in her beauty, relax in her breezes, thrive in her bounty. Nature prevails.

Drill of IPA UN Exam SMP Pack 2

2011-02-13T06:59:00.000-08:00

Don't force yourself out of the most profitable hobby in the universe because you think it's too hard to learn ...It isn't!
Gardening is fast becoming the world's number one hobby, and with all the latest 'alternative' information we have to hand, gardening as a natural science is fun to learn about and rewarding in the extreme...
Produce your own fruit and veg - cut the shopping trips.
Keep it organic!- be nice to the planet, and your body.

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Stay fit and healthy with exercise and fresh air.
Spend quality family time in the outdoors.
Turbo boost your creative spirit
And if that isn't enough to be going on with, learn about plant-kind in all it's glory. From trees through to fungi, there are millions of plants to research, grow and eat- no chance of getting bored!
Start gardening, be a gardener, enjoy your garden.
Starting from scratch? Let your imagination run wild. Stand in the centre (-ish) of your garden and imagine..close your eyes if you like.
Let your creative thoughts flow. Don't imagine for one minute that a simple lawn will let you off the hook here. A lawn needs maintaining, and mowing regularly - for EVER..and it can get kind of boring to look at as well! How about creating
a butterfly patch
a wildflowers corner
a vegetable plot
a herb garden
a water feature
Then you will need a shed to store your tools. Where would that be best placed in your garden? Don't waste a sunny position with a garden structure. Sheds don't need to be in full sun to survive!
Is there enough space to place garden furniture? Rather than going for the table-and-four-chairs-on-patio style, can you place benches and small tables in semi-shady spots near the honeysuckle or round the herbs?
Don't leap in too soon-more often than not you'll land up doing the same job twice. Browse through garden catalogs, take a little time and do a little planning.
But not for too long! Don't let the ideas wither into another was-gonna-do-one-day file.
If you have enough of a budget to buy your garden structures and furniture, do this first, and position them in your garden. Then create your flower beds, vegetable plots and wildlife patches around these structures.
If you don't have cash up front, don't worry. For now, prepare the space as if you DID have the shed, or bench or whatever, and work around these areas.
Start all the patches and work on them as and when you can, or start one patch and get it finished before moving on to the next. How you work in your garden depends on a number of things...
size of land and budget
helping hands available
seasons and the weather
time slots and energy levels!
Treat gardening as an ongoing hobby rather than a project to be started and finished. Plants are growing life forms and will always be changing the shape and feel of your garden. Get the kids involved with quick-germinating seeds, and fast-growing plants. Many retailers offer special seed mixtures for kids. Pumpkins are great for getting the kids interested in gardening.
Learn about edible flowers and teach the children what can and can't be eaten - and why.
Don't let the grass grow under your feet. Turn off the TV, put your wellies on and leap into nature!

Drill of IPA UN Exam SMP Pack 1 - Energy

2011-02-13T06:45:00.000-08:00

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During all transformation processes, we strive to maintain the energy losses associated with it to a minimum. On the one hand, we try to utilise energy to the greatest degree possible where, on the other hand, the transformation losses can also damage electronic and mechanical equipment, as such lowering their working potential.
The transformation from one form of energy into another is part of our daily lives. For example, a light bulb transforms the electrical energy passing through it into light radiation emitted into its surrounding environment. However, the basis of many kinds of energy transformation, such as with the partitioning of nuclei, can be much more complex physical or chemical processes.
All our economies are based on the use of primary and secondary energies. Without different forms of energy, no machinery could exist in industry, commerce, transportation, nor even in the home. Our modern world would simply not exist without energy.

Online Applied Sciences Degree Opportunities

2011-02-13T06:41:00.000-08:00

Scientific knowledge that is applied to realistic problems for product efficiency, research and development, and product invention creates the field of applied sciences. There are a number of online schools that provide the opportunity for students to study in this field for an applied sciences degree. Applied sciences are connected to and often comparable to the field of engineering as well as business and technology. With an online program students will study specific areas such as management, business, computers, and more to ensure that the necessary technical and problem solving skills needed to enter the career of their choice are obtained. Degrees are available at several levels and can be obtained at the students' leisure from the comfort of home.

Associate Degree - An Associate of Applied Science (AAS) can be obtained from a number of online educational institutes. Students looking to earn a degree of this level can expect to take around two years for their training and education. With an education in applied sciences students can choose to concentrate their studies for a career in various fields. An Associates of Applied Science will provide students with an education in business and technology that can be utilized in almost any field. Basic coursework for students enrolled in an associate's degree program may consist of information systems, networking, statistics, and business theory. With the skills and knowledge obtained through a number of courses students will be prepared for careers such as business administrator, accountant, and much more. An associate's degree will provide the necessary education to continue learning and study for a bachelor's degree.
Bachelor Degree - There are a variety of online schools and colleges that offer students the opportunity to obtain an Applied Science Bachelors Degree (BAS). This level of degree allows students to gain an education with a more technical focus for the career of their choice. Career opportunities for a graduate with a bachelor's degree can include employment as an office supervisor, safety manager, office manager, department manager, and more. With an accredited online program coursework will vary depending on each individual students' desired career and goals. Basic subjects included in the curriculum may include math, social sciences, computers, science principles, business ethics, and much more. With an accredited online bachelors degree program students can prepare for the career of their choice.
• Master and Doctoral Degrees - Students can also choose to receive a graduate degree in applied sciences which includes a masters or doctorates. An online school will allow students to pursue the necessary education for their desired career. Degrees at this level will allow for careers such as teaching and science related professions. Coursework for a graduate degree in this field will depend on the students chosen area of concentration. A bachelor's degree must be obtained prior to enrollment for a master or doctorates.
An associates or bachelors degree in applied sciences can open a window of opportunity for students just starting out in the career world. An accredited online graduate degree will allow students to focus on more specific career goals. Accreditation is provided by agencies like the Distance Education and Training Council ( http://www.detc.org ). Full accreditation is proof that a program can provide a quality education. Students who choose to receive an education in applied sciences will have numerous career fields and careers to choose from once a degree is obtained. Individuals interested in a higher education will find that researching accredited educational programs for applied sciences is a good place to start.

Applied Science

2010-11-15T18:53:00.001-08:00

Applied science is the application of scientific knowledge transferred into a physical environment. Examples include testing a theoretical model through the use of formal science, or solving a practical problem through the use of natural science.
Fields of engineering are closely related to applied sciences. Applied science is important for technology development. Applied science differs from fundamental science, which seeks to describe the most basic objects and forces, having less emphasis on practical applications. Applied science can be like biological science and physical science.